GitHub Actions provides free virtual machines (runners) that we can use to automate the repetitive tasks in our project repository. For example automating code testing, integration, building app and deployment on the server.

Workflow

We define a set of instructions for virtual machines. On every run the virtual machine follows this YAML file to execute the commands inside this text file.

Example: A pull request, issue or a commit in a repository triggers a workflow.

Jobs

Every workflow file contains one or more jobs. A set of instructions which are run on a separate virtual machine.

Example: A run tests, run build job described in a workflow.

Actions

The commands inside a job are called the actions.

Example: An action to SSH in to a server, execute Linux/Git commands or run/restart programs.

Source: microsoft.com

Example of a workflow

A workflow gets triggered automatically on every pull request merged into repository. Two jobs of code tests and deployment are run. These jobs run actions of run test, run build and deploy on the server.

Workflow YAML file

Located in the root in .github/workflows directory, workflow file is a simple yaml text file. Indentations are important. The jobs and action run in the order in which they are written in this file.

name: Spin up a runner

on: [push]

jobs:
  spin-up-a-virtual-machine:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
      - name: Execute command on server
        run: ls -al

Workflow YAML File Explanation

name: Spin up a runner

on: [push]

Workflow starts with an optional name of the workflow.

The second line has a on: [push] directive to trigger the workflow. Every time someone pushes code to repository or a pull request is merged, this workflow gets triggered.

jobs:
  spin-up-a-virtual-machine:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

jobs: groups all of the jobs in the workflow followed by the first job name spin-up-a-virtual-machine:

runs-on: ubuntu-latest directive creates a fresh virtual machine hosted by GitHub. A Linux server runner with latest version of Ubuntu in this case.

    steps:
      - name: Execute command on server
        run: ls -al

The steps: groups together all the steps in spin-up-a-virtual-machine job.

Finally, when we have a runner with Ubuntu Linux, we execute the command ls -al in the run: directive.

Github repositories have Actions tab, this is where we can track the progress and output of this workflow.

Workflow Triggers

We use Git push trigger in our example, some other triggers are:

• pull_request

• release

• issues

• page_build

• project_card

• deployment

We can use GitHub actions API workflow_call to trigger a call to workflow or schedule a cron-job like timer schedule for workflow to run. Complete list of events that trigger a workflow is available here.

In the next few blog posts I will share CI/CD (continuous integration, continuous deployment) workflows. Example of some third-party open-source or GitHub Marketplace workflows.